Women who suffer pregnancy loss 'may develop post-traumatic stress disorder'

Some 113 women took part in the study, published in the journal BMJ Open, filling in questionnaires about their thoughts and feelings after losing a baby.

All of the women had attended the Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea hospital, West London, for symptoms such as pain or bleeding. Just under half had suffered a previous miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.

In the study, most women had suffered a miscarriage, while a fifth had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilised egg begins to grow outside the womb.

Among the women who suffered a miscarriage, 45% had symptoms of PTSD at the three-month mark, while 18% of the ectopic pregnancy group felt the same.

Those with PTSD reported regularly re-experiencing feelings associated with the pregnancy loss, and suffering intrusive or unwanted thoughts about it.

Some women suffered nightmares or flashbacks, while others went out of their way to avoid family members or friends who were pregnant.

Almost one in three of the women said the PTSD symptoms had impacted on their work, while 40% felt relationships had been affected.

Dr Jessica Farren, lead author of the research, said: "We were surprised at the high number of women who experienced symptoms of PTSD after early pregnancy loss.

"At the moment there is no routine follow-up appointment for women who have suffered a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.

"We have checks in place for postnatal depression, but we don't have anything in place for the trauma and depression following pregnancy loss.

"Yet the symptoms that may be triggered can have a profound effect on all aspects of a woman's everyday life, from her work to her relationships with friends and family."

Dr Farren said previous research has found that women who experience a stillbirth may develop PTSD, but hers is the first to look at early loss of pregnancy.

She said: "There is an assumption in our society that you don't tell anyone you are pregnant until after 12 weeks. But this also means that if couples experience a miscarriage in this time, they don't tell people.

"This may result in the profound psychological effects of early pregnancy loss being brushed under the carpet, and not openly discussed."

Professor Tom Bourne, senior author of the study, said the team are now planning larger follow-up studies.

He said: "Not all women who suffer a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy will go on to develop PTSD or anxiety and depression.

"Therefore we are now investigating why some women may be more at risk than others, to help medical professionals identify who may need extra support."

Jane Brewin, chief executive of the charity Tommy's, which helped fund the research, said: "This study gives a voice to many women who have suffered miscarriage in silence and the often significant consequences that follow."